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As global markets grapple with the resurgence of protectionist policies, Vlad Kamyshov, CEO of EVAA Protocol, voiced concerns in a note to crypto.news over the effects of tariffs on digital finance ecosystems. “Import taxes tend to raise consumer prices, feeding inflationary pressure,” Kamyshov wrote to crypto.news. “In response, central banks—especially the Federal Reserve—may choose to hike interest rates or delay anticipated cuts.” The Federal Reserve faces divergent views internally —some policymakers urge holding interest rates steady or making gradual cuts, while others warn that rising short-term inflation expectations may necessitate higher rates. Kamyshov emphasizes the strain on digital assets: “Higher rates and a stronger dollar typically reduce liquidity, making it more expensive to access capital. In such conditions, risk-on assets like cryptocurrencies and DeFi tokens often see outflows as investors rotate into safer havens like bonds or gold.” – Vlad Kamyshov Stablecoins,which are central to DeFi operations, are not immune. “As the dollar strengthens—and the DXY rises on expectations of Fed tightening—USD-pegged stablecoins like USDC, USDT, and DAI face indirect pressure…for international users, a stronger dollar makes on-chain dollars more expensive to acquire and hold.” – Vlad Kamyshov The ripple effects extend to DeFi platforms. “Protocols like Uniswap, Aave, and Compound see reduced activity and TVLs when these digital assets become harder to access or less attractive to hold,” he observes. Kamyshov also believes that ower stablecoin inflows can lead to thinner liquidity, wider spreads, and less efficient trading processes. Amid these challenges, Kamyshov perceives a potential shift in the landscape. With increasing state intervention and the strain on traditional systems, decentralized finance may once again become attractive as a means of protection against centralization. Innovations that lessen reliance on the dollar, enhance capital efficiency, or provide alternative stablecoin solutions might find significant opportunities for growth, Kamyshov argues. However, he cautions, “The big question is whether DeFi protocols can adapt quickly enough to a macro environment defined by inflation, protectionism, and regulatory unpredictability.”

By the end of 2024, the total size of CeFi loans will be US$11.2 billion, down 68% from the historical peak in 2022. Alex Thorn, head of research at Galaxy Digital, said in an article on X that based on a review of public documents, bankruptcy documents, and voluntary disclosures by active lenders, by the end of 2024, the total size of centralized finance (CeFi) loans was $11.2 billion, down 68% from the historical peak (ATH) of $34.8 billion in 2022. By the end of 2024, the largest CeFi lenders by outstanding loan book size were: Tether, Galaxy, Ledn, Coinbase, Maple, Unchained, Centrifuge, Goldfinch, Arch, and TrueFi. While DeFi is fairly transparent, CeFi lending is more opaque. However, when combined, the outstanding loan market size is about $30 billion. Today, the outstanding loan market size of DeFi has surpassed CeFi. If you add in collateralized debt position (CDP) stablecoins such as DAI, the size will exceed $35 billion. In fact, DeFi currently accounts for more than 60% of the cryptocurrency lending market.

1. Introduction to Ethereum Ethereum is an open-source, decentralized blockchain platform that enables developers to build and deploy smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Launched in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin and other co-founders, Ethereum is the second-largest cryptocurrency after Bitcoin in terms of market capitalization. While Bitcoin is primarily a digital currency, Ethereum functions more like a decentralized global computer that can run code autonomously. 2. What Makes Ethereum Unique? Smart Contracts: Self-executing agreements coded to perform actions automatically when conditions are met. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): The environment that runs smart contracts on Ethereum. Decentralized Applications (dApps): Apps built on Ethereum that operate without a central server. Programmability: Ethereum allows developers to create custom tokens, apps, and services. 3. How Ethereum Works Blockchain: A public ledger that records transactions and contract activity. Nodes: Computers that maintain and validate the blockchain. Accounts: Externally Owned Accounts (EOA): Controlled by private keys (users). Contract Accounts: Controlled by code (smart contracts). 4. Ethereum vs Bitcoin 5. Major Upgrades: Ethereum 2.0 & The Merge Originally launched using Proof of Work (PoW), Ethereum transitioned to Proof of Stake (PoS) in September 2022 through an event known as The Merge. Proof of Stake: Validators are selected based on how much ETH they stake, rather than computational power. Benefits: ~99% reduction in energy usage More scalable and eco-friendly 6. The Ethereum Ecosystem Ethereum powers a large and diverse ecosystem: DeFi (Decentralized Finance): Platforms like Uniswap, Aave, and MakerDAO offer lending, trading, and yield farming. NFTs: Projects like CryptoPunks and Bored Ape Yacht Club are built on Ethereum. DAOs: Community-run organizations that use smart contracts to make decisions. Stablecoins: USDC, USDT, and DAI are popular Ethereum-based stablecoins. Layer 2s: Solutions like Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync improve scalability. 7. Use Cases of Ethereum Tokenization: Create ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens. Gaming: Blockchain-based games with real digital ownership. Finance: Decentralized lending, borrowing, insurance. Identity: Secure and verifiable self-sovereign identity systems. Voting: Transparent digital governance. Supply Chain: Track product history and authenticity. 8. Advantages of Ethereum Flexible & Programmable Large Developer Community Secure and Transparent Interoperable with Other Chains Constantly Evolving through Upgrades 9. Challenges and Criticisms Scalability Issues High Gas Fees During Peak Times Smart Contract Risks (Bugs & Exploits) Rival Competition (e.g., Solana, Avalanche, BNB Chain) 10. Ethereum’s Future: The Roadmap Ethereum's ongoing development includes: The Surge: Scalability improvements with rollups and sharding The Scourge: Reduce miner extractable value (MEV) The Verge: Lighter client software (stateless clients) The Purge: Prune historical data for efficiency The Splurge: Final improvements and upgrades Goal: Make Ethereum scalable to 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) 11. ETH as a Cryptocurrency Ticker: ETH Uses: Gas fees for transactions Staking for network validation Collateral in DeFi apps Market: Second-largest crypto globally after Bitcoin 12. Ethereum in Africa and Emerging Markets Ethereum is popular in regions like Nigeria for: Investment and Trading Stablecoin Transactions P2P Payments NFT Sales and Digital Art Building Local dApps and Startups 13. Conclusion Ethereum is more than just a cryptocurrency — it’s a decentralized platform for innovation across finance, art, governance, and technology. With its strong community, clear roadmap, and widespread adoption, Ethereum remains a foundational layer for the future of the internet and Web3.$ETH

--- $ETH --- What Exactly is Ethereum? Imagine if the internet could run itself—no middlemen, no centralized servers, and full control in your hands. That’s the idea behind Ethereum. Ethereum is a blockchain platform that allows developers to build smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Unlike Bitcoin, which is mainly digital money, Ethereum is more like a global computer—a place where code runs without being shut down, censored, or tampered with. Launched: July 30, 2015 Native Coin: Ether (ETH) Inventor: Vitalik Buterin Consensus Mechanism: Proof of Stake (as of 2022) --- The Vision Behind Ethereum Vitalik Buterin, a young Canadian-Russian programmer, felt Bitcoin was too limited. He wanted a blockchain that could support a wider range of applications. So he co-founded Ethereum to be programmable—letting people build everything from games to financial tools on the blockchain. Ethereum’s mission? To become the foundation for a decentralized internet (Web3). --- How Ethereum Works 1. Smart Contracts Smart contracts are lines of code that execute automatically when conditions are met. No trust needed. No third party. Just pure automation. Example: A decentralized insurance contract that pays out if a flight gets delayed—without needing an insurer to approve it. 2. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) This is the heart of Ethereum. The EVM runs all the smart contracts and makes sure they work the same way everywhere. 3. Ether (ETH) ETH is used to: Pay for transactions (called gas) Stake and earn rewards as a validator Power apps and smart contracts --- Ethereum’s Major Shift: The Merge In September 2022, Ethereum underwent The Merge, switching from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS). This was a massive upgrade that: Cut energy usage by over 99% Introduced staking, where validators lock up ETH to secure the network It was like replacing a rocket engine mid-flight—and it worked. --- Why Ethereum Matters Ethereum is the backbone of almost everything cool happening in crypto: DeFi (Decentralized Finance): Trade, borrow, and earn without banks NFTs: Digital art, collectibles, and in-game assets DAOs: Online communities running like co-ops with shared ownership Stablecoins: Like USDC and DAI, pegged to the dollar but running on-chain All of this lives on Ethereum or is inspired by its architecture. --- Strengths of Ethereum Flexible and Programmable: You can build almost anything on it. Massive Community: Developers, users, and builders are everywhere. Security: One of the most battle-tested blockchains in existence. Interconnected: Most other chains and tools are compatible with Ethereum’s standards. --- But Ethereum Isn’t Perfect High Fees: During busy times, gas fees can be crazy expensive. Scalability Issues: It’s not the fastest—yet. Complexity: Running a node or writing contracts can be tricky. Risk of Bugs: Smart contract flaws have led to big losses (e.g., The DAO hack). --- What’s Being Done to Improve It? Ethereum has a roadmap to make itself better, faster, and cheaper: a. Layer 2 Solutions These are like express lanes on top of Ethereum—faster and cheaper. Examples: Arbitrum Optimism zkSync b. Sharding (Coming Soon) This splits Ethereum into smaller parts (shards), so it can handle more data and scale efficiently. c. Danksharding & Proto-Danksharding New upgrades aimed at making data availability more efficient—coming in future updates like EIP-4844. --- Ethereum’s Role in Web3 Ethereum isn’t just a crypto project—it’s the foundation for the decentralized internet. With Ethereum, we’re moving from platforms that control us to platforms we control. Your data = your ownership Your money = your rules Your code = runs forever --- Ethereum in 2025 (So Far) Staked ETH: Over 30 million ETH staked Major Upgrades: Ongoing developments toward scalability and decentralization Global Adoption: Used by developers, institutions, and even governments Real World Assets: Traditional assets like bonds and stocks are being tokenized on Ethereum --- Conclusion: Ethereum’s Big Idea Ethereum isn’t just another coin—it’s a platform redefining the internet and finance. It’s a place where ideas become unstoppable code. Whether you’re into finance, gaming, art, or community building, Ethereum has a place for you. ---