Ethereum co-creator Vitalik Buterin has pitched several solutions to help Ethereum minimize block production and staking centralization through the “Scourge” phase of Ethereum’s technical roadmap.

In an Oct. 20 post, Buterin shared concern that economies-of-scale within staking has resulted in small staking pools leaving for larger pools, while two entities have built 88% of Ethereum blocks over the first two weeks of this month.

Buterin stressed that staking centralization poses “one of the biggest risks” to Ethereum and could lead to a higher risk of transaction censorship and “other crises,” stating:

“One of the biggest risks to the Ethereum L1 is proof-of-stake centralizing due to economic pressures.”

Buterin said the 30% of Ether ( ETH ) currently staked is already more than enough to protect Ethereum from 51% attacks, but additional risks would arise if almost all Ether were to be staked.

Staking would become less of a “profitable task” and impose more obligations on Ether holders, said Buterin, adding the slashing mechanism would weaken, and a liquid staking token could take over “money” network effects from Ether.

To combat the issues, Buterin recommended capping the amount of Ether a user can stake and limiting staking penalties to 12.5% of staked Ether. 

Buterin pitches solutions to Ethereum’s staking, block production issues image 0

The “Scourge” part of Ethereum’s technical roadmap. Source: Vitalik Buterin

This could be achieved via a two-tier “risk-bearing” (slashable) and “risk-free” (unslashable) staking model.

His concerns over block production centralization come after Ethereum Foundation researcher Toni Wahrstätter recently pointed out that two Ethereum block builders — Beaverbuild and Titan Builder — had built 88.7% of all Ethereum blocks over the first two or so weeks of October.

Buterin pitches solutions to Ethereum’s staking, block production issues image 1

Source: Toni Wahrstätter

Ethereum follows the proposer-builder separation method for block construction, where builders create blocks for the proposer to review, often choosing the most profitable one.

However, assigning “specialized” tasks to specific actors has led to centralization problems, Buterin said.

Related: Ethereum, L2s to reach over 100K TPS with the 'Surge’ — Vitalik Buterin

While Ethereum’s security isn’t at risk, Buterin said the issue could lead to worsening transaction censorship and force Ethereum users to wait up to 114 seconds for block inclusion instead of 6 seconds. 

The delay could give more time for block builders to extract user revenue via sandwich attacks or give rise to “significant market manipulation” with decentralized finance liquidations.

Buterin pitched a “fork-choice-enforced inclusion lists” proposal in which the task of choosing transactions would return to the proposer or staker, and the builder only chooses how the transactions are ordered (in addition to inserting some of their own).

An alternative solution is “BRAID” — a proposal that splits the block production process between several actors where each only needs to have a “medium amount of sophistication to maximize their revenue.”

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